What Are Computer Security Threats?

A computer security threat is any activity that can damage a computer system, steal data, or disrupt normal operations.

With the growth of the internet and digital communication, computer systems are increasingly exposed to cyber attacks and security risks.

Understanding these threats helps users and organisations protect their systems and sensitive information.

Malware

Malware stands for malicious software.

It refers to software designed to damage, disrupt, or gain unauthorized access to computer systems.

Common types of malware include:

Malware TypeDescriptionVirusAttaches to files and spreads when programs runWormSpreads across networks automaticallyTrojan HorseMalicious program disguised as legitimate softwareRansomwareLocks files and demands payment for access

Malware can cause serious problems such as data loss, system crashes, and security breaches.

Phishing

Phishing is a cyber attack where criminals attempt to trick users into revealing sensitive information.

Attackers often send fake emails or messages pretending to be from trusted organisations.

They may request:

• Passwords

• Credit card details

• Personal information

Example:

A fake email pretending to be from a bank asking users to verify their account details.

If users enter their information, attackers can steal their data.

Hacking

Hacking refers to unauthorized access to computer systems or networks.

Hackers attempt to:

• Steal confidential data

• Modify or destroy information

• Disrupt services

Hacking can target:

• Personal computers

• Business networks

• Government systems

Not all hacking is illegal. Some professionals called ethical hackers test systems to improve security.

Consequences of Security Threats

Computer security threats can lead to serious problems such as:

• Loss of personal data

• Financial theft

• Identity theft

• System damage

• Business disruption

Because of these risks, organisations must implement strong security measures.

How to Protect Against Security Threats

Users can reduce security risks by:

• Installing antivirus software

• Updating software regularly

• Avoiding suspicious emails and links

• Using strong passwords

• Backing up important data

These practices help protect computers from cyber attacks and data loss.

Exam Tip (2210 / 0478)

Students are commonly asked to:

• Define malware

• Explain phishing attacks

• Describe hacking

A common exam question is:

Explain how phishing attacks work.

Practice Question

Explain one example of malware.

Answer

A virus is a type of malware that attaches itself to programs or files and spreads when the infected program is executed.

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